A systematic review of load control in football using a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

Abstract Aim: This systematic review aimed to evaluate various Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers, based on the frequency applied, the number of satellites available, and the dilution of precision (DOP) presented to measure football player load control. Method: The systematic review followed the PRISMA recommendations. Four hundred and eighty-five articles were selected from two online databases (Scopus and ISI Web of Science) over five years, with 21 studies selected for this review. In these studies, the GNSS frequency ranged from 5 to 18 Hz, with 10 Hz as the most commonly used frequency. Results: Of the 21 selected studies, 20 presented the ideal horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP), and the number of satellites available varied from 5 to 20. There was no consensus on defining speed, acceleration, or deceleration zones. Conclusion: There was no uniformity in data collected from the devices. Most GNSS receivers do not adopt the international system of units (SI).

Evapotranspiration for irrigated agriculture using orbital satellites / Evapotranspiração para áreas irrigadas utilizando satélites orbitais

Acknowledging the importance of evapotranspiration as a mediating factor for efficient irrigation management and water balance, the objective of study is to compare the Simple Algorithm forEvapotranspiration Retrieving (SAFER) to the standard method proposed by FAO-56 for real evapotranspiration, as well as prove its value as an implement in irrigation management for the Brazilian Savanna. Data used refers to 2015's harvest of seven center pivots, located in the municipality of São Desidério in western Bahia. For the SAFER algorithm, the images used were acquired by the Landsat-8 satellite during the entire maize crop cycle. The SAFER algorithm estimation demonstrates the spatial and temporal distribution of the evapotranspiration. A maximum evapotranspiration of 5.38 mm d-1 was observed during the crop's reproductive stage. In relation to the standard method, SAFER showed a mean absolute error of 0.40 mm. Thus, concluding that the algorithm can be used to estimate the actual evapotranspiration crop as an alternative to the standard method proposed by FAO-56 for water resources management.

Reconhecendo a importância da evapotranspiração como fator mediador para uma gestão de irrigação eficiente e o balanço hídrico, o objetivo desse estudo foi comparar o Simple Algorithm for Evapotranspiration Retrieving (SAFER) ao método padrão proposto no FAO-56 para estimativa de evapotranspiração real, bem como apontar sua utilidade como ferramenta de gestão de irrigação para o Cerrado brasileiro. Utilizaram-se dados referentes à safra de 2015 de sete pivôs centrais localizados no município de São Desidério, no oeste da Bahia. Para utilizar algoritmo SAFER, adotaram-se imagens adquiridas pelo satélite Landsat-8 durante o ciclo da cultura do milho. As estimativas pelo algoritmo SAFER demonstraram a variabilidade espaço-temporal da evapotranspiração. A evapotranspiração máxima de 5,38 mm d-1 foi observada durante o estágio reprodutivo da cultura. Em relação ao método padrão, o SAFER apresentou erro médio absoluto de 0,40 mm. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o algoritmo pode ser adotado para se estimar evapotranspiração atual da cultura como alternativa ao método padrão proposto no FAO-56 na gestão de recursos hídricos.

A thermodynamic paradigm for using satellite based geophysical measurements in public health applications / Um paradigma termodinâmico para o uso de medidas geofísicas baseadas em satélites e suas aplicações em saúde pública

A thermodynamic paradigm for studying disease vector’s habitats & life cycles using NASA’s remote sensing data is being proposed. NASA’s current and planned satellite missions provide measurements of the critical environmental measures environmental state functions important to vector & disease life cycles such as precipitation, soil moisture, temperature, vapor pressure deficits, wet/dry edges, and solar radiation. Satellite data provide landscape scale process functions represented by land use/cover mapping and actual measurements of ecological functions/structure: canopy cover, species, phenology, and aquatic plant coverage. These measurements are taken in a spatial context and provide a time series of data to track changes in time. Global public health is entering a new informational age through the use of spatial models of disease vector/host ecologies driven by the use of remotely sensed data to measure environmental and structural factors critical in determining disease vector habitats, distributions, life cycles, and host interactions. The vector habitat microclimates can be quantified in terms of the surface energy budget measured by satellites. The epidemiological equations (processes) can be adapted and modified to explicitly incorporate environmental factors and interfaces required by a specific disease and its vector/host cycle. Remote sensing can be used to measure or evaluate or estimate both environment (state functions) and interface (process functions). It is critical that the products of remote sensing must be expressed in a way they can be integrated directly into the epidemiological equations.

Um paradigma termodinâmico para estudar os habitats e ciclos de vida dos vetores de doenças utilizando dados de sensoriamento remoto da NASA está sendo proposto. As missões atuais e planejadas para os satélites da NASA fornecem medições das funções críticas ambientais e funções do estado ambiental, importantes para os ciclos de vida de vetores e doenças, como precipitação, umidade do solo, temperatura, déficits de pressão do vapor, bordas úmidas/secas e radiação solar. Os dados de satélite fornecem as funções dos processos na escala da paisagem, representada pelo mapeamento do uso/cobertura da terra e medições reais das funções/estruturas ecológicas: cobertura do dossel, espécies, fenologia e cobertura de plantas aquáticas. Essas medições são feitas em um contexto espacial e fornecem uma série temporal de dados para rastrear dinâmica das mudanças. A saúde pública global está entrando em uma nova era informacional através do uso de modelos espaciais para vetores/hospedeiros de doenças, impulsionados pelo uso de dados de sensoriamento remoto, para medir fatores ambientais e estruturais críticos na determinação de habitats de vetores de doenças, distribuições, ciclos de vida e interações com o hospedeiro. Os microclimas dos habitats vetoriais podem ser quantificados em termos do orçamento de energia superficial, medidos por satélites. As equações epidemiológicas (processos) podem ser adaptadas e modificadas para incorporar explicitamente fatores e interfaces ambientais requeridos por uma doença específica e o ciclo do seu vetor/hospedeiro. O sensoriamento remoto pode ser usado para medir ou avaliar, ou mesmo estimar tanto o ambiente (funções do seu estado) quanto a interface (funções de seus processos). É fundamental que os produtos de sensoriamento remoto sejam expressos de forma a integrá-los diretamente às equações epidemiológicas.

Scientometric diagnosis of the use of remote sensing images in Landscape Ecology studies / Diagnóstico cienciométrico do uso de imagens de sensores remotos em estudos de Ecologia de Paisagens

This work analyzed the implementation of images from the remote sensors ASTER, CBERS, IKONOS, LANDSAT, MODIS, NOAA, QUICKBIRD and SPOT in Brazilian and international Landscape Ecology studies, developed between 1991 and July 2009. The study analyzed works published in article form using the ISI Web of Knowledge website, and theses and dissertations from the "Thesis Database" at CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior). A total of 124 Brazilian and 144 international published works were examined, analyzing 11 and six parameters, respectively. It was observed that the images from sensors MODIS (53%) and LANDSAT (32%) are employed more frequently in international research studies, whereas in Brazil there is preference for products from LANDSAT (65%) and SPOT (11%). The interval with the highest scientific output occurred between 1999 and 2009 (95%) in Brazil and from 1997 to 2009 (93%) internationally, while 2008 was the most significant year for both assessments, accounting for 19 and 18% of published works, respectively. The intense use of satellite imagery in Landscape Ecology studies observed in the last decade indicates there will be an increase in this technology in landscape analysis in coming years.

Este trabalho analisou a implementação das imagens dos sensores remotos ASTER, CBERS, IKONOS, LANDSAT, MODIS, NOAA, QUICKBIRD e SPOT nos estudos nacionais e internacionais de Ecologia de Paisagem, desenvolvidos entre 1991 e julho de 2009. Foram examinadas publicações em forma de artigos, teses e dissertações, com o auxílio do sítio ISI Web of Knowledge para os primeiros do "Banco de Teses" da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior (Capes) para os demais. Foram examinadas 124 publicações nacionais e 144 internacionais, com a análise de 11 e seis parâmetros, respectivamente. Constatou-se que as imagens dos sensores MODIS (53%) e LANDSAT (32%) são mais empregadas em pesquisas internacionais, enquanto no Brasil há preferência pelos produtos do LANDSAT (65%) e do SPOT (11%). O maior intervalo de produção científica ocorreu entre 1999 e 2009 (95%) no Brasil e entre 1997 a 2009 (93%) no exterior, enquanto o ano de 2008 foi o mais significativo para ambos os levantamentos, com índices de publicação de 19 e 18%, respectivamente. A intensa utilização de imagens de satélite em estudos de Ecologia de Paisagem verificada na última década suscita que haverá incremento crescente desta tecnologia nas análises da paisagem nos próximos anos.

Mapeamento da antiga cobertura vegetal de várzea do Baixo Amazonas a partir de imagens históricas (1975-1981) do Sensor MSS-Landsat / Mapping ancient vegetation cover of the Amazon floodplain using historical MSS/Landsat images (1975-1981)

Este estudo apresenta um mapa da cobertura vegetal da planície de inundação do Rio Amazonas entre as cidades de Parintins (AM) e Almeirim (PA), com base em imagens Landsat-MSS adquiridas entre 1975 e 1981. O processamento digital dessas imagens envolveu a transformação para imagens-fração de vegetação, solo e água escura (sombra), seguido da aplicação de técnicas de segmentação e classificação por região. O mapa resultante da classificação foi organizado em quatro classes de cobertura do solo: floresta de várzea, vegetação não-florestal de várzea, solo exposto e água aberta. A precisão do mapa foi estimada a partir de dois tipos de informações coletadas em campo: 1) pontos de descrição: para validação das classes de cobertura não sujeitas a grandes alterações, como é o caso dos corpos d'água permanentes, e identificação de indicadores dos tipos de cobertura original presentes na paisagem na ocasião da obtenção das imagens (72 pontos); 2) entrevistas com moradores antigos para a recuperação da memória sobre a cobertura vegetal existente há 30 anos (44 questionários). Ao todo foram coletadas informações em 116 pontos distribuídos ao longo da área de estudo. Esses pontos foram utilizados para calcular o Índice Kappa de concordância entre os dados de campo e o mapa resultante da classificação automática, cujo valor (0,78) indica a boa qualidade do mapa de cobertura vegetal da várzea. Os resultados mostram que a região possuía uma cobertura florestal de várzea de aproximadamente 8.650 km2 no período de aquisição das imagens.

This study presents a vegetation map of the Amazon River floodplain between the towns of Parintins (AM) and Almeirim (PA), based on Landsat-MSS scenes from 1975 to 1981. Digital processing involved the transformation of multispectral images into fraction-images of vegetation, soil and dark water (shadow), followed by the application of segmentation and region-classification techniques. The resulting map was organized four classes of land cover types: floodplain forest, non-forest floodplain vegetation, bare soil, and open water. Map accuracy was estimated from two types of ground data 1) sample points describing ground cover classes not subjected to major changes, such as permanent water bodies, and identifying indicators of the 30 year old vegetation type landscape (72 points); 2) interviews with community early residents for memory recovery of information on the vegetation cover existing in the 1970 (44 interviews). Altogether, 116 information points was collected along the study area. These points were used to calculate the Kappa Index for agreement between the four field-verified classes and the automatic classification, with value (0.78) indicates the good quality of the floodplain vegetation cover map. The region had 8650 km2 coverage of floodplain forest at the time of image acquisition.

Effects of space flight on protein content and electrophoresis in Glycyrrhiza uralensis / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the space environment on the role of licorice mutagenesis analysis of proteins.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) seeds were carried by a recoverable satellite for 18 days (the average radiation dose in the flight recovery module was 0.102 m x d(-1), the orbit semidiameter 350 km, gravity 10(-6)). After return, The satellite-flown seeds and the unflown seeds (ground control) were planted in the fields of experimental farm. The leaves of each group were used for studying the effects of space flight on CAT, SOD activity, the protein content and electrophoresis.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>After the space flight, CAT, SOD activity of licorice increased in varying degrees, the difference was significant (P<0.05), two types of enzyme activity of sample from Ordos were higher than that from Hangjinqi. The protein content of licorice increased in a certain extent, the difference was significant (P<0.05), while protein electrophoresis also showed differences, weak new bands appeared.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These results indicated that spaceflight has effect on protein of licorice, these changes may be used as a tool for accelerating the progress in G. uralensis breeding.</p>

In-flight absolute calibration of the CBERS-2 CCD sensor data

Since the first images of the sensors on board of CBERS-2 (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite) satellite were made available by the National Institute for Space Research (INPE), users have asked information about the conversion of image digital numbers to physical data (radiance or reflectance). This paper describes the main steps that were carried out to calculate the in-flight absolute calibration coefficients for CBERS-2 CCD level 2 (radiometric and geometric correction) images considering the reflectance-based method. Remarks about the preliminary evaluation of these coefficients application are also presented.

Desde o início da distribuição de imagens dos sensores do satélite CBERS-2 (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite) por parte do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), a comunidade de usuários solicitava informação sobre a conversão dos números digitais em valores físicos (radiância ou reflectância). Este artigo descreve os principais passos adotados no cálculo dos coeficientes de calibração absoluta para as imagens disponibilizadas no nível 2 de correção (correções radiométrica e geométrica) da câmera CBERS-2 CCD, considerando o método baseado na reflectância de uma superfície de referência. São apresentados também alguns resultados da avaliação preliminar da aplicação desses coeficientes na conversão mencionada.

[ values reflected by the vocal and visual contents of the child songs in satellite channels]

This Study Aims To Know The Most Important Values In Child Songs Refected By Her Words And Pictures, According To The Different Trends Of Satellite Channels. Also. This Study Aims To Know The Form And Content Social Roles Reflect By Songs Pictures. This Study Is A Discrptive Analytic Study, Used Content Analysis Methoed For Data Collection, Specially Which Presented By Dreem1, Alnas, Almajd, Alnagah Channel. The Study Take [182] Song As Asample From All Previous Chammels. 1. The Words Of About 82.9% Of Child Songs Sample Gives Apositive Values, On The Contrary 3.7 Presented Anegative Values. 2. The Pictures Of 6.2% Of This Songs Gives A negative Values, And' 19.8% Gives A positive and Negative Values To Gether. 3- There Is Asimility Between The Content Which Reflected By The Picture and Words In Child Songs, This Simility Related To The Attitude Of These Satellite Channels, Where Alnagah Depressed On Culture And Religion Content, Almagd and Alnas Depressed on positive Social And Religion Contents, But Dreem1 Channel Depressed On Social Values. 4. The End Result Of Tines Study Knows We Have Two Types Of Child Songs, The First Gives Positive Values Such as Which Presented In Almagad and Alnagah Channel, But Other Channel Gives More Negative Values Such As Presented In Dreem1 Channel

Application of global positioning system and geographic information system in surveillance of schistosomiasis / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To use the snail survey data of Yugan, Jiangxi Province as an example to evaluate the effects and advantages of global positioning system integrated with digital maps and remote sensing data in order to manage and analyze the whole country's surveillance data of schistosomiasis by using geographic information system.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data of geographic information and snail information of 20 marshlands in Yugan, Jiangxi Province were collected, and by the correction of remote sensing images based on the digital maps and index extraction, the snail current situation and trend were analyzed and expressed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A series of specific procedure images of these 20 marshlands was established and the effects of Yugan surveillance platform based on geographic information system were validated.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The whole country's surveillance data of schistosomiasis might be successfully integrated with geographic information system by global positioning system and be managed and expressed, which supplies a successful platform in using the surveillance data effectively.</p>

Effects of land surface temperature on supervising the existing area of snails / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To discuss the land surface temperature's effect on supervising the areas with snails, comparing the land surface temperature (LST) of the areas with snails with the LST of those without snails.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Choosing the lake areas of farmland in Jiangxi Province and the beach in the bank of Ganjiang, dividing into four areas according to snails. Picking up the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and LST from the remote sensing data to find the difference between the areas with snails and the areas without snails, so as to illuminate the effects of the LST on distinguishing the areas with snails.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The NDVI of Dongfeng Wei (an area from farmland to lake) was 0 - 0.20, the NDVI of the areas with snails was 0.20 - 0.40. The NDVI of four areas is different (chi(2) = 104.69, P < 0.01). The LST of Dongfeng wei was 24 - 30 degrees C, Wuzhoutou without snails is 23 - 28 degrees C, Wuzhoutou with snails is 22 - 26 degrees C, Changjiangzhou was 20 - 24 degrees C. The LST of four areas is different (chi(2) = 115.23, P < 0.01). The analysis farther indicates the NDVI of areas without snails was lower than that of areas with snails, but the LST was higher.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The NDVI and (or) the LST should be significantly different between the areas with snails and the areas without, it might be concluded that the LST should be a indication to some extent on judging whether some areas may be fit for snails.</p>

The effects of background noise on cognitive performance during a 70 hour simulation of conditions aboard the International Space Station.

A total of twenty-five subjects were cloistered for a period of 70 hours, five at a time, in a hyperbaric chamber modified to simulate the conditions aboard the International Space Station (ISS). A recording of 72 dBA background noise from the ISS service module was used to simulate noise conditions on the ISS. Two groups experienced the background noise throughout the experiment, two other groups experienced the noise only during the day, and one control group was cloistered in a quiet environment. All subjects completed a battery of cognitive tests nine times throughout the experiment. The data showed little or no effect of noise on reasoning, perceptual decision-making, memory, vigilance, mood, or subjective indices of fatigue. Our results suggest that the level of noise on the space station should not affect cognitive performance, at least over a period of several days.

Assesment of Amazon floodplain habitats using TM/Landsat data

The size and diversity of the Amazon region make it difficult to know the area and the spatial distribution of its habitats. The use of satellite imagery can help to map those habitats. In this study, images acquired by the Thematic Mapper sensor on board of the American satellite Landsat-5 were used to map floodplain habitats within reach of the Amazon river between Parintins and Obidos. The following habitats were mapped: Turbid water lakes and rivers, clear/black water lakes and rivers, mixed water lakes and rivers, aquatic vegetation stands, flooded nonforest vegetation and flooded forest vegetation. The extent of each habitat is an essential information to determine the contribution of the Amazon floodplain to the global methane budget.

La teleinformática: futuro de las comunicaciones / The teleinformatics: communications future

Desde los orígenes de la sociedad a través de ellas, el carácter de la información ha ido cambiando significativamente. En la actualidad es indiscutible que la información desempeña un papel primordial. En la sociedad primitiva la información se intercambia entre sus componentes para lograr sobrevivir en un ambiente hostil, muy lejano de poder disfrutarse en la actualidad. Los conocimientos que progresivamente se ha hecho entorno a la comunicación y a sus medios han sido significativos, en el desarrollo y en la evolución de la cultura el hombre en el mundo